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November 1923

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November 3, 1923: Sweden's Crown Prince Gustav VI Adolf marries Britain's Princess Louise Mountbatten at London
November 8, 1923: German Nazis led by General Erich Ludendorff (center) and Adolf Hitler (next to Ludendorff) attempt to overthrow government of Bavaria.[1]

The following events occurred in November 1923:

November 1, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • Imprisoned steel industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach signed an agreement with the French government establishing conditions under which the Krupp mines in the Ruhr would resume work.[2] Krupp was released from prison 14 days later.
  • The governments of Estonia and Latvia signed a mutual defense treaty and military alliance. Latvia renounced all claims it had made on Ruhnu island in the Gulf of Riga.[3][4]
  • The Finnish airline Finnair was founded by Bruno Lucander under the name "Aero Osakeyhtiö" (Aero Joint Stock Company), abbreviated to Aero O/Y. Lucander's sole aircraft at first was a single-engine Junkers F.13 seaplane, used for flying a route between Helsinki and Tallinn. In 1947, the company would be renamed Finnish Airlines, shortened to Finnair in 1949.[5]
  • Born:
  • Died: Bill Lovett, 29, Irish-born American gangster and recently retired leader of New York's White Hand Gang, was murdered while sleeping in an abandoned store at 25 Bridge Street in Brooklyn, after a night of drinking at Sand's Saloon.[6][7]

November 2, 1923 (Friday)

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  • Silent film star Margaret Gibson was arrested at her home in Los Angeles on federal charges of operating a blackmail and extortion ring,[citation needed] charges that were later dropped. She performed under her own name from 1913 to 1917, and later as Patricia Palmer from 1918 to 1929.
  • U.S. Navy Lieutenant Harold J. Brow set a new flight airspeed record at the Mineola airfield on New York's Long Island, becoming the first person to fly faster than 400 kilometers per hour and the first of more than 250 miles per hour. Brow, competing against Navy Lieutenant Alford J. Williams, averaged 417.07 kilometres per hour (259.16 mph) over a three-kilometer course.[8]
  • Three Socialist members of the Gustav Stresemann cabinet resigned in protest of the government's refusal to curb the powers of the dictatorial regime in Bavaria.[9][10]
  • The Reichsbank issued a 100 trillion-mark banknote.[11]
  • David Lloyd George gave a final speech at the Metropolitan Opera House as he ended his tour of North America. Lloyd George defended the Treaty of Versailles as "the best treaty that could have been negotiated under the circumstances at that time" and said it was not the treaty that was responsible for the present problems of Europe, but "the completeness of the victory. It was the most complete victory that has almost ever been won in wars between great nations. Germany-Austria were shattered, demoralized, disarmed, prostrated; we left them like broken backed creatures on the road for any chariot to run over." He added that Europe must be given "the conviction that right is supreme over force. Who is to do it? There are only two countries on Earth which can establish that conviction, and those are the United States of America and the British Empire. Unless it is done, I do not know what is going to happen."[12][13][14]
  • Born:
  • Died:

November 3, 1923 (Saturday)

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November 4, 1923 (Sunday)

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November 5, 1923 (Monday)

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November 6, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • A coal mine explosion killed 27 miners of the Raleigh-Wyoming Coal Company in Glen Rogers, West Virginia. Another 36 survived because the mine had been equipped with the most modern ventilation system available at that time.[29]
  • A least 18 striking workers, and 14 soldiers, were killed in a riot in Kraków in Poland. The uprising started when a policeman fired into a crowd of demonstrators as they entered Main Market Square.[30]
  • Born:

November 7, 1923 (Wednesday)

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  • The Imperial Conference approved a protectionist tariff plan that would give favorable treatment to Empire goods.[31]
  • The Imperial Conference also accepted, in modified form, an American plan to thwart rum-running by British vessels. It would give the United States authority to search and seize British ships suspected of containing contraband alcohol within a certain proximity to American shores, while British ships in return would be allowed to bring liquor to American ports under seal when intended for outbound consumption.[32]
  • Heavyweight boxer Billy Miske, despite being terminally ill with kidney disease, fought his final bout, ending in an upset of Bill Brennan with a fourth round knockout. Both Miske and Brennan had fought championship bouts with Jack Dempsey in 1920. Miske died less than eight weeks after his retirement from the ring.

November 8, 1923 (Thursday)

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November 9, 1923 (Friday)

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  • Gustav Ritter von Kahr revoked his support of Hitler, issuing a statement at 7:45 a.m. on behalf of himself, Lossow and von Seisser that their pledges the day before had been extorted under duress and were "null and void".[34][39] With the putsch having stalled, Ludendorff led a hastily arranged 11:00 a.m. march with 2,000 men on the center of Munich, until police fired on the putschists and dispersed them. Four police officers, 15 Nazis, and one bystander were killed in the gun battle. Ludendorff was arrested, but Hermann Göring and Hitler were among those who escaped.[34][35][40]
  • The Nazi Party was banned throughout Germany after its members had attempted the coup d'etat.[41]
  • David Lloyd George disembarked in Southampton and walked right into the fight on Stanley Baldwin's protectionist tariff policy, which Lloyd George called "an unutterable, unintelligible folly."[42]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, 39, leader of the Aufbau Vereinigung and associate of Adolf Hitler in the Nazi Party, was shot and killed in the course of the "Beer Hall Putsch" attempt to overthrow the government of Munich.[43]
    • John Koren, 62, U.S. International Prison Commissioner, jumped overboard from the liner Nieuw Amsterdam while the ship was sailing to New York. According to witnesses, Koren was on the promenade of the ship with other passengers during the tea hour when he leaped into the ocean and disappeared quickly.[44]

November 10, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • In a radio broadcast, former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called the U.S. isolationist policy after the war "cowardly and dishonorable."[45]
  • Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany ended his exile in the Netherlands and crossed back onto German soil. Dutch authorities had informed him that he would not be allowed to return to Holland as a refugee again. Wilhelm went straight to Hanover and visited retired Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.[46]
  • Erich Ludendorff was released on parole when he gave his word that he would not participate in any more revolutionary activities.[47]
  • Born:

November 11, 1923 (Sunday)

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November 12, 1923 (Monday)

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The 1922 Soviet flag
The new Soviet flag

November 13, 1923 (Tuesday)

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November 14, 1923 (Wednesday)

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November 15, 1923 (Thursday)

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One Rentenmark[55][56]
  • Germany stopped printing the essentially worthless "papiermark", which had been trading at the rate of 4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion) marks to one U.S. dollar by mid-November[57] and issued the new Rentenmark, backed by the value of semi-annual property taxes and tied to the U.S. dollar with a 4.2 RM to US$1. The old marks were exchangeable at the rate of one new mark for every one trillion old marks.[citation needed]
  • California U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson announced that he would challenge President Calvin Coolidge for the 1924 Republican nomination for U.S. president. Johnson, unlike Coolidge, was staunchly opposed to U.S. entry into the World Court.[58]
  • The Soviet Union's Presidium approved the creation of OGPU (Obyedinyonnoye Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye or Joint State Political Directorate), taking direct control of the Soviet domestic and foreign intelligence services from the NKVD and its GPU agency.[citation needed]
  • Wealthy arms manufacturer Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, incarcerated by France during the occupation of the Ruhr, was released from prison after seven months confinement.[52]
  • The first census of Albania was taken, limited to a numerical count without individual household details, was taken and showed that the Balkan kingdom had 814,380 residents, almost 52 percent of whom (421,618) were male.[citation needed]
  • Died:

November 16, 1923 (Friday)

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November 17, 1923 (Saturday)

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November 18, 1923 (Sunday)

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November 19, 1923 (Monday)

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picture1
picture2
Oklahoma's Governor Walton convicted, succeeded by Trapp

November 20, 1923 (Tuesday)

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November 21, 1923 (Wednesday)

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November 22, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • Stage performer Mabelle Corey was granted a divorce from industrialist William Ellis Corey in a Paris court.[72]
  • Born:
    • Arthur Hiller, Canadian television and film director known for Love Story (1970), Silver Streak (1976) and Outrageous Fortune (1987); in Edmonton (d. 2016)
    • Hanna Maron, German-born Israeli actress and comedian who had the longest career in acting, working for 87 years between 1927 and 2014; in Berlin (d. 2014)
    • Victor Papanek, Austrian-born American designer, author of the influential Design for the Real World; in Vienna (d. 1998)
  • Died: Andy O'Sullivan, Irish Republican Army intelligence officer, became the third, and last prisoner to die after participating in the hunger strikes in Irish prisons. O'Sullivan's death at Mountjoy Prison, after 40 days of not eating, followed those of Joseph Whitty at Mountjoy on September 2 and Denny Barry on November 21 at Curragh Camp. The strike was called off the next day and the 22 survivors received medical attention.

November 23, 1923 (Friday)

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November 24, 1923 (Saturday)

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November 25, 1923 (Sunday)

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November 26, 1923 (Monday)

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November 27, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • George H. Greenhalgh filed the patent application for the first automotive oil filter. Greehalgh said in his application, "This invention relates to filters and particularly to filters adapted to be used for removing deleterious matter from oil or other liquids, as for example from lubricants in the lubricating systems of internal combustion engines or other devices." Ernest J. Sweetland, the patent assignee, would market the device as the Purolator (a trademark based on the phrase pure oil later), d. U.S. patent No. 1,721,250 would be awarded on July 16, 1929.[84]
  • In the Madras Presidency, a province of British India that had been granted limited self-rule by the imperial government in 1920, opposition leader C. R. Reddy introduced a motion of no confidence in an attempt to dislodge Chief Minister Panaganti Ramarayaningar, whose Justice Party had won the November 10 elections for the 98-member Madras Legislative Council. The motion failed, with only 44 in favor and 65 against.[citation needed]
  • Friedrich Ebert turned to Adam Stegerwald to become chancellor after Heinrich Albert was unable to form a government.[85]
  • Born:

November 28, 1923 (Wednesday)

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November 29, 1923 (Thursday)

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November 30, 1923 (Friday)

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Chancellor picks Albert, Stegerwald and Marx

References

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  1. ^ attribution: Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-00344A / Heinrich Hoffmann / CC-BY-SA 3.0
  2. ^ Sheean, Vincent (November 2, 1923). "Ruhr Peace Accord Signed by Krupp". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  3. ^ a b c "Chronology 1923". indiana.edu. 2002. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  4. ^ Seldes, George (February 5, 1923). "French Invade Baden; Seize Rail Centers". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  5. ^ "The history of Finnair", Finnair.com website
  6. ^ Patrick Downey, Gangster City: The History of the New York Underworld 1900–1935 (Barricade Books, 2004) pp. 128-130
  7. ^ "Reformed Gunman Slain in His Sleep by Old-time Pals; Back in Old Haunts for 'Fling', 'Wild Bill' Lovett Dies", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 2, 1923, p.1
  8. ^ "Navy Flier Goes Faster Than Man Ever Did Before", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 3, 1923, p.1
  9. ^ Clayton, John (November 3, 1923). "Socialist Bolt Speeds Nation to a Monarchy". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  10. ^ a b c "Germany – The Republic in Crisis 1920–1923". The World War. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  11. ^ Large, David Clay (2000). Berlin. Basic Books. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-465-02632-6.
  12. ^ "Lloyd George Utters Eloquent Goodbye To Thousands Who Hear His Parting Address Prior to Sailing for Home". Bakersfield Morning Echo. Bakersfield, California. November 3, 1923. pp. 1, 7.
  13. ^ "Final Plea by Lloyd George: U.S. Must Help". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1–2. November 3, 1923.
  14. ^ Lindgren, Homer (1930). Modern Speeches. New York: F.S. Crofts & Co.
  15. ^ Craig, Elizabeth (November 4, 1923). "Swedish Prince Marries Cousin of King George". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  16. ^ "First Arrest of Violator of Air Traffic Rules", Lowell (MA) Sun, November 3, 1923, p. 1
  17. ^ Porter, David L. (1995). African-American Sports Greats: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-313-28987-3.
  18. ^ a b "Police Strike in Melbourne, Take 2 Lives". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 5, 1923. p. 3.
  19. ^ Rue, Larry (November 5, 1923). "Bavaria Takes Monarchy Out of Moth Balls". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 4.
  20. ^ Thomsett, Michael C. (1997). The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7864-0372-1.
  21. ^ Walker, Bertha. "The Police Strike 1923". Solidarity Forever! The Life & Times of Percy Laidler. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  22. ^ "Navy Aviators Smash Records in Speed Duel", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 5, 1923, p.1
  23. ^ "ALBERTA VOTES WET DECISIVELY— Expect that Majority Against Prohibition Will Total 30,000 When All the Returns Received", Ottawa Evening Journal, November 6, 1923, p.1
  24. ^ "Scots Celebrate Victory of 'Wets'; Prohibition Badly Beaten in Falkirk, First of 26 Towns to Decide Issue", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 6, 1923, p.3
  25. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 26, pp. 388–394.
  26. ^ Clayton, John (November 6, 1923). "Storm Berlin Bourse; Raid Jews' Homes". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  27. ^ "Swiss Slayer of Soviet Leader on Trial Today". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 5, 1923. p. 4.
  28. ^ "Klan Emperor's Aide Slain". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 6, 1923. p. 1.
  29. ^ "Bodies of 25 Miners Found; 2 Yet Missing", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 7, 1923, p.1
  30. ^ "21 Persons Killed in Warsaw Strike", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 8, 1923, p.3 ("The most serious riot was at Cracow, where a crowd surrounded and disarmed a company of infantry. The men were rescued by a cavalry charge in which twenty persons were killed.")
  31. ^ Steele, John (November 8, 1923). "Britain Plans Tariff on U.S.". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  32. ^ Steele, John (November 8, 1923). "U.S. Can Board Rum Smugglers Beyond 12 Miles". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  33. ^ "Bavarian Government Overthrown; Ludendorf Dictator— Adolph Hitler, with 600 Soldiers, Enters Patriotic Gathering in Munich, Declares Cabinet Deposed and Arrests Prime Minister", St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 9, 1923, p.1
  34. ^ a b c d "The Beer Hall Putsch". The History Place. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  35. ^ a b c Krueger, Marcel (November 9, 2014). "Nov 9, 1923: Hitler's Beerhall Putsch". Slow Travel Berlin. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  36. ^ a b Fest, Joachim C. (1974). Hitler. Harvest. pp. 185–190. ISBN 978-0-544-19554-7.
  37. ^ a b Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  38. ^ Charles Davison, "Fusakichi Omori and his work on Earthquakes", in Bulletin of the Seismic Society of America (1924) pp. 240–255
  39. ^ Jablonsky, David (1989). The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit 1923–25. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-135-17822-2.
  40. ^ "'Putsch' a Fiasco, 'Ludy' Jailed and Hitler Wounded", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 10, 1923, p. 1
  41. ^ Mühlberger, Detlef (2003). The Social Bases of Nazism, 1919–1933. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-00372-8.
  42. ^ Steele, John (November 10, 1923). "London Roars Big Welcome to Lloyd George". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  43. ^ John Toland, Adolf Hitler: The Definitive Biography (Anchor Books, 1976) p. 170
  44. ^ "Koren, Prison Official, Leaps to Death at Sea— U.S. Commissioner, Apparently Nervous, Jumps Off Nieuw Amsterdam", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 18, 1923, p.1
  45. ^ "U.S. Course Ignoble – Wilson". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 11, 1923. p. 1.
  46. ^ Clayton, John (November 11, 1923). "Crown Prince Returns; Eyes German Throne". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  47. ^ "Ludendorff is Free on Parole". Laredo Weekly Times. Laredo, Texas. November 11, 1923. p. 1.
  48. ^ "Soviet Flag to Bear Sickle and Hammer— Five-pointed Star Also Adorns Red Cloth Emblem Adopted", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 14, 1923, p. 1
  49. ^ "Anti-Japanese Land Law Declared Valid", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 13, 1923, p.1
  50. ^ Wales, Henry (November 14, 1923). "British Hint at Bolt as France Asks New Quiz". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  51. ^ "Pact Repudiated, Payments at End Is Berlin Report— Breach of Versailles Treaty by France Alleged as Grounds for Move by Government of Reich", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 15, 1923, p.1
  52. ^ a b "Daily News Year End Review – 1923". CanadaGenWeb.org. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  53. ^ "Berlin Scraps Peace Treaty". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 15, 1923. p. 1.
  54. ^ "Orders Berlin Cafes to Let Poor Enter to Get Warm". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 15, 1923. p. 1.
  55. ^ attribution: National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History
  56. ^ (Image is of a 1937 Rentenmark that had been recycled by East Germany's communist government in 1948 by the addition of a blue validation stamp)
  57. ^ a b Lewis, Nathan (June 9, 2011). "In Hyperinflation's Aftermath, How Germany Went Back to Gold". Forbes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  58. ^ Brown, Parke (November 16, 1923). "Johnson to Race Coolidge". Chicago Daily Tribune. pp. 1–2.
  59. ^ Seaman, L.C.B. (2005). Post Victorian Britain 1902–1951. Methuen & Co. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-134-95491-9.
  60. ^ "Election Battles Start in England— King Dissolves Parliament to Reassemble, After Balloting, on January 8", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 17, 1923, p.3
  61. ^ "Britain Backed By Italy, Tells France Go Slow". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 17, 1923. pp. 1–2.
  62. ^ "German Steamer Sunk by Mine in Baltic Sea— Seventeen Bodies Washed Ashore After Vessel Goes Down", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 21, 1923, p. 1
  63. ^ "Zev Conquers In Memoriam by Nose Finish". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 18, 1923. p. Part 2 p. 1.
  64. ^ Gamache, Ray (2010). A History of Sports Highlights: Replayed Plays from Edison to ESPN. McFarland. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-7864-5664-2.
  65. ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver, Elections in Europe: A data handbook (Nomos, 2010) p.368
  66. ^ Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York: Vintage Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-307-42812-7.
  67. ^ "Crew of 14 Lose Lives with American Vessel; Four-Masted Schooner Wrecked in Gale Off German Coast", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 20, 1923, p. 1
  68. ^ Gibson, Arrell Morgan (1984). The History of Oklahoma. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8061-1883-3.
  69. ^ "Convict and Oust Governor Walton". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 20, 1923. p. 1.
  70. ^ "Traffic signal", U.S. Patent No. 1,475,024, on Google Patents
  71. ^ "Frank Goddard". BoxRec. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  72. ^ Wales, Henry (November 23, 1923). "Divorce for Mrs. Corey in Paris Court". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  73. ^ "90th Anniversary of the station that became 702 ABC Sydney", by James O'Brien and Lawrence Champness, ABC Local Radio, November 22, 2013
  74. ^ "Stresemann Falls; Red and Nationalist Parties Suspended", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 24, 1923, p.1
  75. ^ "German Communist, Nationalist and Nationalist-Socialist Groups Ordered to Disband", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 24, 1923, p.1
  76. ^ Owen, Bernard; Rodriguez-McKey, Maria (2013). Proportional Western Europe: The Failure of Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-137-37437-0.
  77. ^ Lane, A.T. (1995). Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders, Volume 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-313-26456-6.
  78. ^ "Oscar B. Marx Dies; ex-Detroit Mayor", AP report in Ludington (MI) Daily News, November 23, 1923, p. 1
  79. ^ "66,000 Watch Army and Navy Battle 0 to 0". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 25, 1923. p. Part 2, p. 1.
  80. ^ "Successor to Walton Wants Law for Klan". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 25, 1923. p. 4.
  81. ^ Clayton, John (November 26, 1923). "Dr. Albert Heads German Cabinet; Reichstag to Go". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  82. ^ "Nationalists Block Albert's Ministry— New German Chancellor Meets Tremendous Obstacles in Filing Positions", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 27, 1923, p. 3
  83. ^ Racine Legion at "Chicago Cardinals - November 25th, 1923", pro-football-reference.com
  84. ^ U.S. patent No. 1,721,250, Google Patent
  85. ^ Clayton, John (November 28, 1923). "Snuff Reds as Nationalists Rule Germany". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  86. ^ "Separatists Split; Matthes in Flight; Head of Rhineland Republic Announces Dissolution of Cabinet, Charging Military Coup", Philadelphia Inquirer, November 29, 1923, p. 3
  87. ^ Damodaran, H. (2008-06-25). India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation. Springer. p. 99. ISBN 9780230594128.
  88. ^ "Another German "Bites the Dust" as Chancellor". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 29, 1923. p. 5.
  89. ^ "Laugh, Clown, Laugh!". Playbill Vault. Playbill, Inc. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  90. ^ Clayton, John (November 30, 1923). "Wilhelm Marx Tries to Form Berlin Cabinet". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  91. ^ "Marx to Demand Dictatorial Power— New Chancellor to Face Reichstag With Programme Similar to Stresemann's", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 3
  92. ^ "Indiana Governor Waits for Arrest on Eight Charges— McCray Will Give Bond in Indictment of 192 Counts", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 1
  93. ^ "Screen Actress Dies as Result of Burns— Martha Mansfield Fatally Injured When Flimsy Dress Ignites", Philadelphia Inquirer, December 1, 1923, p. 3
  94. ^ "Hollywood actress dies in freak accident while filming in San Antonio back in 1923". News4SA. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  95. ^ "A Deadly Frilly Dress: The Cause of Hollywood Actor's Atypical Death On Set". Medium. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.